Accident prevention on board ship at sea and in port ~ Marine Notes

Accident prevention on board ship at sea and in port

The experts considered that the code of practice constituted a body of advice which
would be of great value to ILO member States. The code should not be regarded as a
legally binding instrument, and was not intended to supersede national laws or regulations
or other national safety and health rules. Its practical recommendations are intended for
use by all those who have responsibility for safety and health on board ship. Its object is to
provide guidance to shipowners and seafarers and others concerned with the framing of
provisions of this kind in both the public and private sectors.
It may be impracticable to apply some of these recommendations to a particular ship
or type of shipping operation. In such cases, every endeavour should be made to observe
the intent of the recommendations, and the risks that may be involved in any operation
covered by the code should be taken into consideration when applying these measures.
A code such as this cannot cover every aspect of safety both at work and in off-duty
periods aboard ship at sea and in port, and no human activity is free from some measure of
risk. Accidents are in many cases caused by lack of knowledge or inadequate training,
incomplete understanding of ships and ship operations, non-adherence to procedures, lack
of foresight and the taking of unnecessary risks, often in quite simple operations. Prudence
and foresight are natural characteristics of the good seafarer at work, who should make it a
habit to be on the lookout for the hazards in any situation, including ordinary everyday
situations.
Much of the information contained in this code has been taken from national codes of
practice and safety-related publications. Since the guidelines cannot cover every aspect of
safety and health on board ships, a list of publications and other information is appended
to the code.
The experts recognized that some countries and shipping companies had established
more progressive safety and health policies and programmes than those prescribed in this
code. The experts fully supported these developments and encouraged others to emulate
these initiatives.
Throughout the code there are references to ILO and International Maritime
Organization (IMO) instruments, resolutions and publications and to publications of other
intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Whenever such instruments,resolutions and publications are utilized, it should be ensured that the most recent
applicable editions or versions are consulted.
The text of the code was approved for publication by the Governing Body of the ILO
at its 261st Session (November 1994).

Contents
Preface .....................................................................................................................V
1. General provisions .............................................................................................. 1
1.1. Objective............................................................................................... 1
1.2. Application ........................................................................................... 1
1.3. General definitions ............................................................................... 1
2. General duties and responsibilities ................................................................. 3
2.1. General duties of the competent authority of flag States ..................... 3
2.2. General duties and responsibilities of competent authorities
other than the flag State........................................................................ 5
2.3. General duties and responsibilities of shipowners ............................... 5
2.4. General duties and responsibilities of the master ................................. 8
2.5. General duties and responsibilities of seafarers ................................... 9
2.6. General duties and responsibilities of the shipboard safety and
health committee ................................................................................ 10
2.7. General duties and responsibilities of the safety officer .................... 11
2.8. General duties and responsibilities of the safety representative(s) .... 12
3. Reporting of accidents .................................................................................... 13
3.1. General provisions ............................................................................ 13
4. Permit-to-work systems.................................................................................. 14
4.1. General provisions ............................................................................ 14
5. General shipboard safety and health considerations ................................. 15
5.1. Shipboard housekeeping and personal health and hygiene ................ 15
5.2. Use of chemicals................................................................................. 17
5.3. Fire prevention.................................................................................... 17
5.4. Working clothes and personal protective equipment ......................... 19
5.5. Signs, notices and colour codes.......................................................... 21
6. Shipboard emergencies and emergency equipment.................................... 22
6.1. General provisions.............................................................................. 22
6.2. Fire-fighting equipment, drills and training ....................................... 23
6.3. Abandon ship drills and training ........................................................ 24
6.4. Helicopter operations.......................................................................... 26
6.5. Man overboard and rescue at sea........................................................ 26
6.6. Other drills.......................................................................................... 27
7. Carriage of dangerous goods ........................................................................... 28
7.1. General provisions.............................................................................. 28
7.2. Special precautions............................................................................. 29
7.3. Additional sources of information...................................................... 30
8. Safe access to ship ............................................................................................. 32
8.1. Means of access to ship ................................................................... 32
8.2. Ship's accommodation ladders and gangways.................................... 33
8.3. Portable ladders .................................................................................. 34
8.4. Pilot ladders ........................................................................................ 34
8.5. Transport of persons by water ............................................................ 34
9. Safe movement about the ship....................................................................... 36
9.1. General provisions............................................................................. 36
9.2. Passageways and walkways................................................................ 36
9.3. Watertight doors ................................................................................. 36
9.4. Lighting............................................................................................... 37
9.5. Protection around cargo hatches and other deck openings................. 37
9.6. Access to holds and other spaces........................................................ 38
9.7. Drainage.............................................................................................. 38
10. Entering and working in enclosed or confined spaces ............................... 39
10.1. General provisions .............................................................................. 39
10.2. Precautions on entering dangerous spaces.......................................... 39
10.3. Duties and responsibilities of a competent person and of a
responsible officer .............................................................................. 40
10.4. Preparing and securing the space for entry......................................... 40
10.5. Testing the atmosphere of confined and enclosed spaces .................. 41
10.6. Use of a permit-to-work system ......................................................... 42
10.7. Procedures and arrangements before entry......................................... 42
10.8. Procedures and arrangements during entry......................................... 43
10.9. Additional requirements for entry into a space where the
atmosphere is suspect or known to be unsafe..................................... 43
10.10. Breathing apparatus and resuscitation equipment .............................. 44
10.11. Maintenance of equipment and training ............................................. 45
11. Manual lifting and carrying......................................................................... 46
11.1. General provisions .............................................................................. 46
12. Tools and materials.......................................................................................... 48
12.1. General provisions ............................................................................ 48
12.2. Hand tools........................................................................................... 48
12.3. Portable electric, pneumatic and hydraulic tools................................ 48
12.4. Workshop and bench machines (fixed installations).......................... 49
12.5. Abrasive wheels.................................................................................. 50
12.6. Spirit lamps......................................................................................... 50
12.7. Compressed air ................................................................................... 50
12.8. Compressed gas cylinders................................................................... 50
13. Welding, flame-cutting and other hot work ............................................... 52
13.1. General provisions .............................................................................. 52
13.2. Personal protective equipment............................................................ 52
13.3. Precautions against fire, explosions and non-life-supporting
environments....................................................................................... 52
13.4. Electric welding equipment ................................................................ 53
13.5. Precautions to be taken during electric-arc welding........................... 53
13.6. Flame-cutting and brazing .................................................................. 54
14. Painting.............................................................................................................. 55
14.1. General provisions .............................................................................. 55
14.2. Spraying.............................................................................................. 55
14.3. Painting aloft and working over the side............................................ 56
15. Working aloft and over the side ................................................................... 57
15.1. General provisions.............................................................................. 57
15.2. Cradles and stages .............................................................................. 58
15.3. Bosun's chairs ..................................................................................... 58
15.4. Ropes .................................................................................................. 58
15.5. Portable ladders .................................................................................. 59
15.6. Rope ladders ....................................................................................... 59
15.7. Working over the side from punts ...................................................... 60
16. Working with electricity and electrical equipment ......................................... 61
16.1. General provisions ............................................................................ 61
16.2. Wandering leads, portable lights, electric tools and other
movable equipment ............................................................................ 63
16.3. High-voltage systems ......................................................................... 65
16.4. Rectifiers and electronic equipment ................................................... 65
16.5. Radio communication equipment....................................................... 65
16.6. Batteries and battery rooms................................................................ 66
16.7. Work with visual display units (VDUs), including
microcomputers .................................................................................. 66
17. Working with dangerous and irritating substances and radiations ........ 68
17.1. General provisions ............................................................................ 68
17.2. Work with unsaturated polyesters ...................................................... 68
17.3. Work with adhesives .......................................................................... 68
17.4. Removing insulation, paint and other coatings .................................. 69
17.5. Work with asbestos ............................................................................ 69
17.6. Work with man-made mineral fibres.................................................. 69
17.7. Radio and radar installations .............................................................. 70
17.8. Ionizing radiations .............................................................................. 70
18. Upkeep of wire and fibre ropes.................................................................... 71
18.1. General provisions.............................................................................. 71
18.2. Wire ropes .......................................................................................... 72
18.3. Fibre ropes .......................................................................................... 72
19. Anchoring, docking and mooring................................................................. 75
19.1. General provisions ............................................................................ 75
19.2. Anchoring........................................................................................... 75
19.3. Characteristics of man-made fibre ropes used for mooring or
towing................................................................................................. 76
19.4. Mooring and unmooring..................................................................... 76
19.5. Mooring to buoys ............................................................................... 77
20. Working on deck or in cargo spaces ............................................................. 78
20.1. General provisions.............................................................................. 78
20.2. Cargo operations................................................................................. 78
20.3. Lifting gear ......................................................................................... 80
20.4. Use of slings ....................................................................................... 81
20.5. Pulley blocks....................................................................................... 82
20.6. Hooks.................................................................................................. 82
20.7. Shackles .............................................................................................. 82
20.8. Working on deck while ship is at sea ................................................. 83
20.9. Heavy weather .................................................................................... 83
20.10. Working in hatches and holds............................................................. 83
21. Working in machinery spaces ...................................................................... 85
21.1. General provisions .............................................................................. 85
21.2. Boilers, unfired pressure vessels and steam pipes .............................. 88
21.3. Propulsion machinery ......................................................................... 89
21.4. Turbines .............................................................................................. 89
21.5. Internal combustion engines ............................................................... 90
21.6. Air compressors and reservoirs .......................................................... 90
21.7. Refrigeration systems ......................................................................... 90
21.8. Oil-based systems ............................................................................... 90
21.9. Steering gear ....................................................................................... 91
21.10. Control-room operation and unattended machinery spaces................ 91
21.11. Hydraulic systems............................................................................... 92
22. Working in galleys, pantries and other food handling areas .......................... 93
22.1. Loading and storing provisions .......................................................... 93
22.2. Preparation of food ............................................................................. 94
22.3. Work in galleys, pantries and serving food ........................................ 96
23. Safety in living accommodation ................................................................... 98
23.1. General provisions .............................................................................. 98
23.2. Laundering appliances ........................................................................ 99
23.3. Physical fitness rooms ........................................................................ 99
23.4. Swimming-pools................................................................................. 99
23.5. Sewage systems .................................................................................. 99
24. Specific vessel types....................................................................................... 101
24.1 General provisions ............................................................................ 101
24.2. Bulk carriers and carriage of bulk cargoes ....................................... 102
24.3. Container ships ................................................................................. 104
24.4. Ro-Ros (roll-on/roll-off vessels) and vehicle and passenger
ferries ................................................................................................ 105
24.5. Oil tankers......................................................................................... 108
24.6. Bulk chemical tankers....................................................................... 109
24.7. Liquefied natural and petroleum gas carriers ................................... 110
24.8. Passenger vessels .............................................................................. 111
24.9. Offshore support vessels................................................................... 114
Appendices .............................................................................................................. 121
I. Permit-to-work form......................................................................... 123
II. References and further reading....................................................... 125
III. ISO Standards ................................................................................... 130
Index ................................................................................................................. 131

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